The bibliographies of academic publications were my most effective way of tracking down the works that could directly relate to my research. I wanted to give my list in order to help future researchers looking into this topic. I’ll continue to update this as I find more resources in my work.

Final List of Works Cited in my MA Thesis

Alexander, Cynthia J. and Leslie A. Pal. Digital Democracy: Policy and Politics in the Wired World. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Allison, Juliann Emmons, ed. Technology, Development, and Democracy: International Conflict and Cooperation in the Information Age. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.

Anderson, Robert , Tora Bikson, Sally Ann Law, and Bridger Mitchell, Universal access to e-mail: Feasibility and societal implications, RAND: Tech. Report, 1995

Bimber, Bruce. “The internet and political mobilization – research note on the 1996 election season,” Social Science Computer Review, 4 (1998): 391–401.

Bimber, Bruce. Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Castells, Manuel. “Global Governance and Global Politics” PS: Political Science and Politics January (2005): 78-93.

Castells, Manuel. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. USA: Oxford University Press, 2003

Carty, Victoria. “New Information Communication Technologies and Grassroots Mobilization.” Information, Communication & Society 2 (2010): 155-173

Best, Michael L, and Keegan W Wade. “The Internet and Democracy: Global Catalyst or Democratic Dud?.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 29, no. 4 (2009): 255–271.

Chadwick, Andrew. Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006

Dahl, Robert A. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998

Diamond, Larry. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Diamond, Larry. “Liberation Technology.” Journal of Democracy, 3 (2010): 69–83.

Diamond, Larry and Marc F. Plattner. Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.

Dunham, F. “Democracy and the radio”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 2 (1938), 77–79.

Fredman, Rachel. “The Dictator’s Dilemma and the Politics of Telecommunications in Cuba: A Case Study,”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tufts University, Medford, MA.  2012.

Freedom House, Change and ‘New’ Politics in Zimbabwe: Interim Report of a Nationwide Survey of Public Opinion in Zimbabwe: June‐July 2012.

Groshek, Jacob. “A Time–Series, Multinational Analysis of Democratic Forecasts and Internet Diffusion.” International Journal of Communication (2010): 1–33.

Groshek, J. “The Democratic Effects of the Internet, 1994–2003: a Cross-National Inquiry of 152 Countries.” International Communication Gazette 71, no. 3 (2009): 115–136.

Grossman, Lawrence K. The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age. New York: Viking, 1995.

Gunter, Janet. “Guinea-Bissau: Top Blogger Detained, Beaten by Military After Coup”, Global Voices 14 April 2012

Habermas, J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989

Hanson, Elizabeth. The Information Revolution and World Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008.

Howard, Philip N. The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Howard, Philip N and Malcolm R Parks. “Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence.” Journal of Communication 62, no. 2 (2012): 359–362.

Howard, Phillip, N., Agarwal, S. D., & Hussain, M. M. “When do States disconnect their

digital networks? Regime responses to the political uses of social media” The Communication Review, 3 (2011), 216-232.

Human Rights Watch. World Report 2011: Kenya.

— World Report 2011: Nigeria

International Telecommunication Union, “ITU Internet Indicators”, June 2012

“Kenya: Police Abuse Somali Refugees”, Human Rights Watch, 17 June 2010

Kedzie, Christopher “Communication and Democracy: Coincident Revolutions and the Emergent Dictator’s Dilemma”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Graduate School, 1997

MacKinnon, Rebecca. Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom. New York: Basic Books, 2012.

Margolis, Michael and Gerson Moreno-Riaño. The Prospect of Internet Democracy. Great Britain: Ashgate, 2009.

Martin, Robert, “Notes on Freedom of Expression in Africa,” in Communicating Democracy: The Media & Political Transitions, ed. Patrick H. O’Neil, 63-77. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.

Mazrui, Ali A. and Robert L. Ostergard Jr. “Technology Transfer in the Computer Age: The African Experience.” In Technology, Development, and Democracy, edited by Juliann Emmons Allison, 213-236. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.

National Information Technology Agency of Nigeria, Committee on ICT Policy Harmonization, National Information and Communication Technology Policy. Draft, 9 January 2012

Norris, Pippa. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Nyanza Partners for Peace Alliance, https://nyanza.crowdmap.com

O’Neal, Patrick H. Communicating Democracy: The Media & Political Transitions. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.

Ott, Dana, and Melissa Rosser. “The Electronic Republic? the Role of the Internet in Promoting Democracy in Africa.” Democratization 7, (2000): 137–156.

Papacharissi, Zizi A. A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.

Schudson, Michael. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Siegle, Joseph. “Some small signs that the ‘Arab Spring’ is spreading into Africa.” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 November 2011.

Sibanda, Tichaona, “Helps Build State Intelligence Complex for Mugabe”, AllAfrica 3 March 2011.

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, ICTs for Democracy, 2009

United Nations Development Programme. Making the Law Work for Everyone. Report of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. New York: UNDP, 2008.

Stodden, Victoria, and Patrick Meier. “A Global Empirical Evaluation of New Communication Technology Use and Democratic Tendency.” 2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD) (April 19, 2009): 3–16.

World Bank. “The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project”. www.govindicators.org